Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, various federal, state and local governments in the United States conducted studies into the numerous sources of air pollution. Semiconductor-type (Taguchi) interlocks were sturdy and got the field moving, but did not hold calibration very well, were sensitive to altitude variation, and reacted positively to non-alcohol sources. When the magnets are turned on, the iron particles in the fluid create a fibrous structure through the passages in the same direction as the magnetic field. Sulfur oxide (SOx) - A general term for oxides of sulfur, which are emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel containing sulfur. In 1993, The Lincoln Motor Company boasted that all vehicles in their model line were equipped with dual airbags, one for the driver's side and another for the passenger's side. Technology for one application (to meet a non-methane hydrocarbon standard) may not be suitable for use in an application that has to meet a total hydrocarbon standard. Regulations governing hydrocarbons vary according to type of engine and jurisdiction; in some cases, "non-methane hydrocarbons" are regulated, while in other cases, "total hydrocarbons" are regulated.
Both agencies, as well as other state agencies, now create and enforce emission regulations for automobiles in the United States. With the restrictions, vehicles started being designed more efficiently by utilizing various emission control systems and devices which became more common in vehicles over time. It is also common on modern cars for the locks to activate automatically when the car is put into gear or reaches a certain speed. All modern cars are now equipped with catalytic converters to further reduce vehicle emissions. This draws crankcase fumes heavy in unburned hydrocarbons - a precursor to photochemical smog - into the engine's intake tract so they are burned rather than released unburned from the crankcase into the atmosphere. The first effort at controlling pollution from automobiles was the PCV (positive crankcase ventilation) system. Positive crankcase ventilation was first installed on a widespread basis by law on all new 1961-model cars first sold in California. Lambretta introduced the first high-volume production use of a single, floating, front disc brake, enclosed in a ventilated cast alloy hub and actuated by cable, on the 1962 TV175. NOx production is increased when an engine runs at its most efficient (i.e. hottest) operating point, so there tends to be a natural tradeoff between efficiency and control of NOx emissions.
The production and distribution of unleaded fuel was a major challenge, but it was completed successfully in time for the 1975 model year cars. Hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog, which can be a major problem in urban areas. The three emergency lights used in Romania are red, blue and amber. The lights are wired to illuminate whenever the vehicles' parking lights and tail lights are on, including when the headlights are being used. Some countries permit or require vehicles to be equipped with daytime running lights (DRLs). The Verso MPV utilizes the same running gear as the Vitz, but features a more spacious interior. Drivers had to be running at the finish to score points. The new emission standards for 1975 model year, as well as the increase in fuel usage, forced the invention of the catalytic converter for after-treatment of the exhaust gas. In 1972, General Motors proposed to the American Petroleum Institute the elimination of leaded fuels for 1975 and later model year cars. The first-generation Venza was unveiled at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The first legislated exhaust (tailpipe) emission standards were promulgated by the State of California for 1966 model year for cars sold in that state, followed by the United States as a whole in model year 1968. Also in 1966, the first emission test cycle was enacted in the State of California measuring tailpipe emissions in PPM (parts per million).
The ineffective local regulations were gradually supplanted by more comprehensive state and federal regulations. By 1967 the State of California created the California Air Resources Board, and in 1970, the federal United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established. Leading up to the 1981 model year in the United States, passenger vehicle manufactures were faced with the challenges in its history of meeting new emissions regulations, how to meet the much more restrictive requirements of the Clean Air Act (United States) per the 1977 amendment. The regulatory requirements of the Clean Air Act, which was amended many times, greatly restricted acceptable vehicle emissions. Methane is not directly toxic, but is more difficult to break down in fuel vent lines and a charcoal canister is meant to collect and contain fuel vapors and route them either back to the fuel tank or, after the engine is started and warmed up, into the air intake to be burned in the engine. Electric motor can start the engine with vehicle in gear making take-off with stalled combustion engine smooth and instantaneous. Except for the Fairview Incline, these originally conveyed horsecars, but were later equipped to carry electric streetcars.
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